Analyses of genomic full-length CPV sequences revealed various genotypes independent of the antigenic characterization of the viruses in CPV-2a, CPV-2b or CPV-2c viruses (Chung et al., 2020 Voorhees et al., 2020).įig. The original virus from 1978, the CPV-2 became extinct. This led to the generation of the new type CPV-2a, that subsequently acquired further mutations including those at amino acid 426 of the capsid protein VP2, which as a polymorphism determines the different antigenic types 2a, 2b, and 2c (Fig. However, during a parallel evolution the ancestor viruses of CPV-2, which were most likely infecting raccoons, retained their ability to infect cats but acquired further amino acid changes that enabled the new virus to better bind to the canine cellular receptor (Hueffer and Parrish, 2003 Allison et al., 2012). CPV-2 has evolved from FPV by acquiring 5 or 6 amino acid changes in the capsid protein gene (Parrish, 1990 Truyen, 1999), which enabled the virus to bind to the canine transferrin receptor and thus infect canine cells, but at the same time CPV-2 lost its ability to replicate in cats. It was named canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) to distinguish it from another, only distantly related, parvovirus isolated from dogs in 1970 which was first named CPV-1 but which is now called “canine minute virus” and grouped within the genus Bocaparvovirus. In 1978, a new parvovirus, closely related to the long known FPV, was first described in dogs (Carmichael, 2005). ![]() FPV also can infect dogs, and FPV replication occurs in the lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, bone marrow) but not in the gut of dogs FPV is not shed in the faeces of dogs infected with FPV, and dogs do not develop disease (Truyen and Parrish, 1992). Not every cell is infected - the shadow of a nucleus is visible ©Nicola DecaroįPV infects cats and other members of the Felidae, as well as raccoons, mink, and foxes (Steinel et al., 2001). Nuclear immunofluorescence of Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) line cells infected with feline panleukopenia virus note absence of viral antigen in the cytoplasm. Parvoviruses replicate in the nucleus of an infected cell, and nuclear inclusion bodies can be demonstrated in infected cells (Figs. This explains why tissue damage caused by FPV occurs predominantly in rapidly dividing cells, like those in the intestine, bone marrow, and in embryonic tissue. For FPV the transferrin receptor was identified, a molecule that is highly expressed on many metabolically active cells that need iron ions for their activity. The other reason is the cellular receptor that the virus needs to bind to the cell. This is one reason for the restriction of parvovirus replication to mitotically active, i.e., proliferating tissues. Unlike most dsDNA viruses, parvoviruses are unable to activate DNA synthesis in host cells and have to rely on cellular DNA polymerases which are only expressed in cells during mitosis. The single stranded DNA is replicated to double stranded DNA by cellular DNA polymerases. Parvoviruses are, as the name suggests, small, measuring only about 20 nm in diameter, non-enveloped viruses that contain a small single-stranded DNA genome of about only 5,000 nucleotides. Current taxonomy defines these viruses as a single entity, the carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (ICTV taxonomy report 2019). They were initially named after the hosts from which they had been isolated, e.g., canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), mink enteritis virus, raccoon parvovirus, feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and others. Diseased cats have a poor prognosis and less than 50 % of cats will survive even after intensive care treatment.įeline panleukopenia virus or feline parvovirus (FPV) is the prototype of closely related parvoviruses isolated from dogs, mink, raccoons, raccoon dogs, foxes and other canids (Parrish, 1990).Vaccines provide a long lasting, most likely lifelong, immunity.Very efficacious vaccines are available which protect cats from disease.Efficacy tested disinfectants based on aldehydes, peracetic acid or sodium hypochlorite readily inactivate the virus. ![]() FPV is very tolerant against many commonly used chemical disinfectants.FPV is shed in high titers in the faeces and the very stable virions stay infectious in the environment for months. ![]() Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and the closely related canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) can infect and cause severe disease in cats.Rare opportunistic mycoses: phaeohyphomycosis and hyalohyphomycosis.Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis.Feline respiratory Mycoplasma infections.Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia infections.Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats.Maternally derived immunity and vaccination.Disinfectant choice in feline veterinary hospitals, shelters and cat households.Infectious diseases in shelter situations and their management.Vaccines and vaccination – an introduction.
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